以

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以 U+4EE5, 以
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE5
← 令
[U+4EE4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仦 →
[U+4EE6]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

以 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3 in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 人+2 in simplified Chinese, 5 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 4 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 女戈人 (VIO), four-corner 28100, composition ⿲𠄌丶人 or ⿲⿱丨㇀丶人)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 94, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 388
  • Dae Jaweon: page 199, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+4EE5

Chinese[edit]

trad. 以
simp. # 以
alternative forms 㠯
㕥

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 以
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j31039

j31040

j31041

j31042

j31043

j31044

j31045

j31046

j31047

j31048

j31049

j31050

j31051

j31052

j31053

j31054

j31055

j31056

j31057

j31058

j31059

j31060

j31061

j31062

j31063

j31064

j31065

j31066

j31067

j31068

j31069

j31070

j31071

j31072

j31073

j31074

j31075

Bronze inscriptions

b21167

b21168

b21169

b21170

b21171

b21172

b21173

b21174

b21175

b21176

b21177

b21178

b21179

b21180

b21181

b21182

b21183

b21184

b21185

b21186

b21187

b21188

b21189

b21190

b21191

b21192

b21193

b21194

b21195

b21196

b21197

b21198

b21199

b21200

b21201

b21202

b21203

b21204

b21205

b21206

b21207

b21208

b21209

b21210

b21211

b21212

b21213

b21214

b21215

b21216

b21217

b21218

Small seal script

s11013

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34134

L34135

L34136

L13617

L13618

L13619

L13620

L13621

L13622

L13623

L13624

L13625

L13626

L13627

L13628

L13616

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (以) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
似 *ljɯʔ
姒 *ljɯʔ
耜 *ljɯʔ
佀 *ljɯʔ
以 *lɯʔ
苡 *lɯʔ
苢 *lɯʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a person (人) carrying something. It is often simplified to 㠯 in pre-Qin ancient scripts.

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-k (“to take; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 式 (OC *hljɯɡ, “model; form; rule”), 試 (OC *hljɯɡs, “to test; to try”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊己切
Baxter yiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jɨX/
Li
Rong 		/iəX/
Wang
Li 		/jĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yiX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ləʔ/
English take, use

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
No. 14929
Phonetic
component 		以
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		以
Old
Chinese 		/*lɯʔ/

Definitions[edit]

以

  1. a preposition that expresses a boundary in time, orientation, direction or quantity
    以前  ―  yǐqián  ―  before
    自古以來／自古以来  ―  zìgǔ yǐlái  ―  since time immemorial
    長安東路以西／长安东路以西  ―  cháng'ān dōng lù yǐxī  ―  west of Chang’an East Road
    價格在一千元以上。 [MSC, trad.]
    价格在一千元以上。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiàgé zài yīqiān yuán yǐshàng. [Pinyin]
    The price is above one thousand yuan.
  2. by; with; by means of
    以少勝多／以少胜多  ―  yǐ shǎo shèng duō  ―  to defeat (enemy troops) with a force inferior in number
    以德報怨／以德报怨  ―  yǐdébàoyuàn  ―  to return good for evil (literally, “to recompense injury with kindness”)
    以賣衣服為生／以卖衣服为生  ―  yǐ mài yīfú wéi shēng  ―  to make a living by selling clothes
    以大局為重／以大局为重  ―  yǐ dàjú wéi zhòng  ―  to focus on the big picture (literally, “to treat the big picture as [something] serious”)
    彼此以同樣的態度對待對方。 [MSC, trad.]
    彼此以同样的态度对待对方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bǐcǐ yǐ tóngyàng de tàidù duìdài duìfāng. [Pinyin]
    One another treating an opposing side with the same attitude.
  3. according to
    以大小排列  ―  yǐ dàxiǎo páiliè  ―  to arrange by size
    物以類聚／物以类聚  ―  wùyǐlèijù  ―  birds of a feather flock together (lit. things will be gathered together according to category)
  4. so as to; in order to
    以正視聽／以正视听  ―  yǐzhèngshìtīng  ―  in order to ensure a correct understanding of the facts
    以防萬一／以防万一  ―  yǐfángwànyī  ―  just in case (literally, “to protect against a contingency”)
    市民對惡劣天氣要作出適當的預防措施，以減低可能引致的人命傷亡及財物損失。 [MSC, trad.]
    市民对恶劣天气要作出适当的预防措施，以减低可能引致的人命伤亡及财物损失。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shìmín duì èliè tiānqì yào zuòchū shìdāng de yùfáng cuòshī, yǐ jiǎndī kěnéng yǐnzhì de rénmìng shāngwáng jí cáiwù sǔnshī. [Pinyin]
    The public should take appropriate preventive measures against severe weather in order to minimize possible loss of life, injury and property damage.
  5. because; because of
    勿以善小而不為 [MSC, trad.]
    勿以善小而不为 [MSC, simp.]
    wù yǐ shàn xiǎo ér bù wéi [Pinyin]
    do not fail to commit a good act just because it is small in scale.
  6. (literary) therefore; thus
  7. to use
  8. (literary) to consider as
  9. Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”).
    以巴衝突／以巴冲突  ―  Yǐ Bā chōngtū  ―  Israel-Palestinian conflict
  10. a surname
  11. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 以 (MC yiX), equivalent to the 4th 等 (děng) of the initial 喻 (MC yuH)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 以 – see 似 (“to be like; to be similar to; to resemble; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 似).

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

以

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. compared to
  2. than
  3. by means of
  4. because
  5. in view of
  6. compared with

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
以
い
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 以 (MC yiX).

Prefix[edit]

以(い) • (i-) 

  1. from (this reference point) and (more)
    以(い)後(ご) ― igo ― from now on
    その以(い)後(ご) ― sono igo ― from then on; since then
    この日(ひ)以(い)後(ご) ― kono hi igo ― from this day on; ever since this day
    • 2008 March 15, “ジャンク・ウォリアー [Junk Warrior]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
      「ジャンク・シンクロン」＋チューナー以(い)外(がい)のモンスター１(いっ)体(たい)以(い)上(じょう)
      “Janku Shinkuron” purasu Chūnā igai no monsutā ittai ijō
      “Junk Synchron” plus 1 or more non-Tuner monsters
    • 2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
      通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)
      ①(いち)：１(いっ)ターンに１(いち)度(ど)、自(じ)分(ぶん)メインフェイズに発(はつ)動(どう)できる。手(て)札(ふだ)からレベル４(よん)以(い)下(か)の通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)をこのカードのリンク先(さき)に特(とく)殊(しゅ)召(しょう)喚(かん)する。
      Tsūjō Monsutā ittaī
      Chi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. tefuda kara Reberu yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.
      1 or more Normal Monsters
      1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.
  2. by, with, by means of
    Synonym: …をもって (… o motte)

Usage notes[edit]

  • An expression prefixed with 以 means "from this reference point, and more". It can only be translated upon contexts. The reference point can be understood as "now", "here", "this", or aforementioned.

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

以 (eumhun 써 이 (sseo i))

  1. Hanja form? of 이 (“compared to”).
  2. Hanja form? of 이 (“than”).
  3. Hanja form? of 이 (“by means of”).
  4. Hanja form? of 이 (“because”).
  5. Hanja form? of 이 (“in view of”).
  6. Hanja form? of 이 (“compared with”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

以: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

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